Player Type Analyzer

Comparative Analysis of Player Motivation Models in Modern Video Games

The Significance of Player Motivation in Modern Video Game Design

Understanding why individuals engage with video games and what sustains their interest is paramount for successful game design in the contemporary landscape. The increasing sophistication and diversity of modern video games, spanning numerous genres and platforms, attract a wide array of players with varied preferences and expectations. To effectively cater to this diverse audience, game developers and researchers have turned to models of player motivation. Among the most influential frameworks are Bartle's Player Types, Yee's Gamer Motivations, and the Hexad User Types. Richard Bartle's taxonomy, developed in the context of early Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs), categorized players into distinct archetypes based on their in-game behaviors. Nick Yee's research, initially focused on Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), delved into the underlying psychological motivations that drive players. More recently, Andrzej Marczewski's Hexad User Types framework has emerged, primarily aimed at understanding user engagement in gamified systems, which also holds relevance for video games incorporating gamification elements. This report aims to compare, critique, and ultimately determine the most comprehensive and insightful model for understanding player motivation in today's video game environment. The analysis will examine the core tenets of each model, their application in game design, their strengths and limitations in the context of modern gaming, and the academic discussions surrounding their effectiveness. Furthermore, the report will explore potential overlaps and complementarities between these frameworks, ultimately seeking to identify the most robust approach for comprehending the multifaceted nature of player motivation. The evolution of gaming from simpler, text-based environments to the complex, graphically rich, and socially interactive experiences of today necessitates a critical evaluation of these models to ensure their continued relevance and applicability .  

Bartle's Player Types: Understanding Player Archetypes in Games

Richard Bartle, a British game developer, author, and researcher, began studying video game players and their behavior in the 1970s, with his seminal work on player types emerging from his observations of interactions within MUDs in the 1980s and 1990s . Bartle's taxonomy, detailed in his 1996 article "Hearts, Clubs, Diamonds, Spades: Players Who Suit MUDs," classifies players into four fundamental types based on their primary interests and motivations within a game world .  

One of the primary player types identified by Bartle is the Achiever, often associated with the suit of Diamonds (♦). Achievers are goal-oriented individuals who thrive on accomplishing in-game milestones, such as completing all available missions, earning rewards, and reaching the highest levels . They are driven by the desire for mastery and completeness, viewing the accumulation of points and progression through levels as their main objective . Achievers are also motivated by competition and the desire to attain elite status, often valuing the recognition they receive from other players, particularly Socializers, for their accomplishments . Games that offer a 100% completion rating and comprehensive achievement systems strongly appeal to Achievers .  

Explorers, linked to the suit of Spades (♠), are characterized by their curiosity and love for discovering all aspects of a game, from its world and mechanics to its hidden secrets and lore . For Explorers, the act of discovery itself is the primary reward, and they often enjoy experimenting with game mechanics and finding glitches or easter eggs . Unlike Achievers, Explorers are less concerned with points or levels, and they may become bored with a game once they feel they have experienced all its content . Their satisfaction comes from uncovering the unknown and gaining a deep understanding of the game world .  

Socializers, associated with the suit of Hearts (♥), primarily engage with games for the social interaction they provide . They value community experiences, building relationships with other players, and collaborating to achieve common goals . For Socializers, the game world serves as a setting for meeting and interacting with people, and they often prioritize making friends and building influence within the game's social structures . They thrive in environments that encourage interaction through chat systems, guilds, and cooperative content .  

Finally, Killers, often mapped to the suit of Clubs (♣), are competitive players who are motivated by dominating others and asserting their dominance within the game . They enjoy player-versus-player (PvP) combat and seek opportunities to challenge and defeat other players . Unlike Achievers, who focus on personal wins, Killers derive satisfaction from seeing others lose . They thrive in games with structured PvP, open-world combat, and systems that allow them to have a significant impact on other players .  

It is important to note that Bartle's model posits that players often exhibit traits from multiple player types, although one type may be dominant . The model can be represented on a two-dimensional graph, with axes indicating a player's focus on the game world versus other players, and their preference for acting upon or interacting with these elements . Bartle's initial work was foundational in recognizing the diversity of player motivations, highlighting that individuals approach games with different goals and desires .  

Relevance and Application of Bartle's Model in Video Game Design

Bartle's work has had a significant and lasting impact on the design of online games, particularly MMORPGs . His taxonomy provides a valuable framework for game designers to understand the different motivations and interests of their players, enabling them to create more engaging and tailored experiences . By considering these player types, designers can incorporate game mechanics and features that resonate with each group, ultimately leading to increased player satisfaction and retention .  

For Achievers, video games often include comprehensive achievement systems, challenging player-versus-environment (PvE) content, and extensive loot collections . Games with clear progression systems, such as levels and gear scores, and defined objectives with rewards for completion, also cater to this player type . Examples include awarding badges for completing training modules in gamified learning environments .  

To engage Explorers, games can feature vast, immersive worlds rich in lore, with hidden quests, secrets, and intricate environments to discover . Non-linear progression paths and rewards for venturing off the beaten path, such as unlocking new areas or finding easter eggs, are also effective . Games like Elder Scrolls Online, Guild Wars 2, and No Man's Sky exemplify games that appeal to Explorers with their expansive worlds and emphasis on discovery .  

Socializers are attracted to games that facilitate community building through robust chat systems, guilds, and cooperative content . Games that emphasize teamwork and the formation of lasting in-game friendships, such as Final Fantasy XIV and World of Warcraft, are ideal for Socializers . Even non-MMORPGs like Among Us, which focus on social interaction and deception, strongly appeal to this player type .  

Killers seek out competitive play and opportunities to assert dominance over others, making games with structured PvP or open-world combat ideal for them . Games with meaningful consequences for player interactions and systems that allow player impact, such as EVE Online, Albion Online, and Call of Duty: Warzone, cater to this competitive spirit .  

Beyond game design, Bartle's typology has also found application in gamification, particularly in training programs. By identifying the dominant player types within a workforce, companies can tailor their gamification offers to individual employee motivations, using badges for Achievers, extensive learning resources for Explorers, cooperation opportunities for Socializers, and comparative competitions for Killers . Furthermore, the model can be used in character writing for stories, prompting writers to consider how different player types would approach various situations and conflicts . While initially developed for MUDs, Bartle's Player Types provide a foundational and easily understandable framework that continues to inform game design by highlighting the importance of catering to a variety of player motivations . The model also serves as an effective system for players to decide what kind of games they might enjoy and for recommending games based on their preferences .  

Yee's Gamer Motivations: Exploring the Underlying Drivers of Play

Nick Yee, a researcher with a long-standing focus on the psychology of gaming and virtual worlds, built upon Bartle's early work to develop a more detailed and empirically-based model of gamer motivations . Yee's initial research, primarily focused on MMORPG players, identified ten distinct motivations that clustered into three overarching components: Achievement, Social, and Immersion .  

The Achievement component encompasses motivations related to in-game progress and mastery, including Advancement (leveling up and gaining power), Mechanics (interest in game rules and systems), and Competition (competing with other players) . Players high in Achievement are driven to overcome challenges and outperform others within the game .  

The Social component focuses on the desire for interaction and connection with other players, comprising Socializing (getting to know other players), Relationship (forming meaningful in-game relationships), and Teamwork (collaborating with others in groups) . Individuals motivated by the Social aspect seek to build communities and enjoy shared experiences with fellow gamers .  

The Immersion component relates to the desire to become absorbed in the game world, including Discovery (exploring the game world), Role-Playing (adopting in-game personas), Customization (personalizing characters and environments), and Escapism (using the game as a way to avoid real-world problems) . Players driven by Immersion seek fantasy, elaborate storylines, and the ability to immerse themselves in a compelling game world .  

Later, through his market research company, Quantic Foundry, Yee and his colleagues expanded this model, proposing twelve distinct motivations organized into six higher-order motivation clusters: Action, Social, Mastery, Achievement, Immersion, and Creativity . The Action cluster includes Destruction (enjoying chaos and mayhem) and Excitement (enjoying fast-paced thrills). The Social cluster comprises Competition (enjoying duels and rankings) and Community (enjoying teamwork and interaction). Mastery includes Challenge (enjoying high difficulty and overcoming obstacles) and Strategy (enjoying planning and decision-making). The Achievement cluster focuses on Completion (wanting to collect everything and finish all missions) and Power (wanting a powerful character and equipment). The Immersion cluster includes Fantasy (enjoying being someone else in another world) and Story (enjoying elaborate plots and characters). Finally, Creativity encompasses Design (enjoying expression and customization) and Discovery (enjoying exploration and experimentation) .  

Yee's research emphasizes that players typically have a combination of these motivations, rather than fitting neatly into a single category, contrasting with Bartle's initial assertion of a primary player type . The Quantic Foundry model also utilizes percentiles to illustrate how an individual gamer's motivations rank relative to a large sample of other players, providing a more nuanced understanding of individual preferences . This approach acknowledges that gaming motivations are relative measures, meaningful in comparison to population norms .  

Application of Yee's Model in Current Video Game Development

Yee's Gamer Motivation Model has become a valuable tool for video game developers seeking to understand the underlying drivers of player engagement and to tailor their games to specific audiences . The model helps developers understand the dynamics of different gamer motivations and the impact of demographic variables such as gender and age on these preferences . This understanding can then inform crucial design decisions, helping to reach and broaden the target audience and improve metrics like player retention and lifetime value .  

For example, games that score high in Strategy, appealing to players who enjoy complex decision-making and long-term planning, include titles like StarCraft, Crusader Kings, and Europa Universalis. Conversely, games with low strategy scores, favoring more spontaneous and reactive gameplay, include The Sims, Disney Emoji Blitz, and Mario Kart . Players with a high Community motivation, who enjoy socializing and collaborating, are drawn to games like Destiny and Final Fantasy XIV, as well as MMOs in general . Competition, the desire to compete against other players, is a strong motivator for games like PUBG (especially in China) and various fighting games . Games with rich narratives and opportunities to embody different characters satisfy the Fantasy motivation , while games with numerous collectibles and missions appeal to those high in Completion . The Design motivation, the desire for self-expression and customization, is catered to by games that offer extensive avatar and world customization options .  

Yee's research has also revealed significant cultural differences in gaming motivations. For instance, Chinese gamers, on average, exhibit a much higher interest in competition compared to their US counterparts, while showing less interest in immersion-related motivations like fantasy and discovery . Age also plays a crucial role, with the appeal of competition declining significantly with age, while motivations like fantasy and completion become more prominent among older gamers . Gender-based differences are also evident, with men often being more driven by competition, destruction, and challenge, while women tend to be more motivated by design, fantasy, and completion . Furthermore, the model highlights that gaming motivations are not always additive; sometimes, combining certain motivations in a single game can lead to diminishing returns or even conflict, as seen in the trade-off between excitement and strategy . By considering these various facets of player motivation, game developers can make more informed design and marketing decisions, ultimately aiming to create more engaging and satisfying experiences for their target audiences .  

The Hexad User Types: Analyzing User Engagement in Gamified Systems and Games

The Hexad User Types framework, developed by Andrzej Marczewski, offers another perspective on understanding user motivation, primarily within the context of gamified systems . This model identifies six distinct user types based on a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations . The framework is rooted in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), emphasizing the core intrinsic motivators of Relatedness, Autonomy, Mastery, and Purpose (RAMP), as well as the influence of extrinsic rewards .  

Philanthropists are driven by a sense of purpose and meaning, motivated by altruism and the desire to help others without expecting personal reward . They seek to enrich the lives of others and make a meaningful impact .  

Socialisers are motivated by relatedness and seek to interact with others, forming social connections and a sense of community within the system . They value features that facilitate communication and collaboration .  

Free Spirits are driven by autonomy and self-expression, desiring the freedom to create and explore within the system . This type includes Creators who enjoy building new things and Explorers who want to discover everything the system has to offer .  

Players are primarily motivated by extrinsic rewards such as points, badges, and prizes . This type includes subtypes like Self-Seekers who help others for reward, Consumers who will do what's needed for rewards, Networkers who seek useful contacts for gain, and Exploiters who look for loopholes to maximize rewards .  

Achievers are motivated by mastery and strive to learn new skills, improve themselves, and overcome challenges . They seek systems that allow for personal growth and the demonstration of their competence .  

Finally, Disruptors are motivated by change and seek to disrupt the system, either directly or through other users . This type includes Griefers who negatively affect others, Destroyers who want to break the system, Influencers who try to change the system through others, and Improvers who aim to make the system better .  

The Hexad framework recognizes that individuals often exhibit traits from multiple user types to varying degrees, rather than fitting neatly into a single category . The model provides a framework for gamification designers to consider the diverse motivations of their users and to design systems that encourage desired behaviors while engaging a broad spectrum of individuals .  

Application of the Hexad Model in Gamification and Video Games

The Hexad User Types framework was specifically developed to assist gamification designers in creating engaging and effective systems . It is used to segment and cluster users based on their intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, allowing for the personalization of gamified experiences . By understanding the dominant Hexad types within their target audience, designers can tailor game mechanics and elements to resonate with these motivations .  

For Philanthropists, gamified systems can offer opportunities to help others, contribute to a greater cause, and share knowledge, such as answering questions in forums or mentoring new users . Socialisers are engaged through features like forums, communities, team-based challenges, and mentorship programs that foster interaction and connection . Free Spirits are attracted to customizable avatars, content creation tools, open-ended challenges, and hidden rewards that cater to their desire for autonomy and self-expression . Players respond well to systems that offer points, badges, leaderboards, and virtual economies, providing tangible rewards for their engagement . Achievers are motivated by progress bars, levels, badges, skill trees, and challenging quests that allow them to demonstrate mastery and personal growth . Disruptors can be engaged (and potentially channeled positively) by providing opportunities for feedback and allowing them to influence system changes .  

While the Hexad framework's primary focus is gamification, its principles can also be relevant to video game design, especially for games that incorporate significant gamified elements like reward systems, social features, or opportunities for user-generated content . The framework shares similarities with Bartle's Player Types, with some overlap between corresponding types . For example, the Socialiser type in Hexad aligns with Bartle's Socializer, and the Achiever type is similar in both models. The Hexad also introduces types not explicitly covered by Bartle, such as the Philanthropist, and offers a more nuanced breakdown of extrinsic motivation through the Player type . Research has begun to explore the relationship between Hexad user types, demographic factors, and gaming habits, suggesting potential applications for understanding broader player preferences . By considering the motivations outlined in the Hexad framework, video game designers can gain additional insights into how to engage different segments of their audience, particularly in games with strong community or systemic elements .  

Comparative Analysis of Player Motivation Models

Core Dimensions and Categories Across Bartle's, Yee's, and the Hexad

Bartle's Player Types model is structured around four distinct categories: Achievers, Explorers, Socializers, and Killers. These types are defined by two core dimensions: the player's primary focus (World vs. Players) and their preferred mode of interaction (Acting vs. Interacting) . While the model suggests a primary player type for each individual, it acknowledges that players can exhibit traits from multiple categories .  

Yee's Gamer Motivations model, in its initial form, identified three main motivational components: Achievement, Social, and Immersion, each with several subcomponents . This model emphasizes a component-based approach, suggesting that players have varying degrees of each motivation rather than fitting into mutually exclusive categories . The later expanded model by Quantic Foundry identified twelve distinct motivations clustered into six higher-order components: Action, Social, Mastery, Achievement, Immersion, and Creativity .  

The Hexad User Types framework outlines six user types: Philanthropist, Socialiser, Free Spirit, Player, Achiever, and Disruptor . This model is based on four intrinsic motivations (Relatedness, Autonomy, Mastery, Purpose) and extrinsic rewards. While it defines distinct types, it also acknowledges that users often display traits from multiple types .  

Comparing the core concepts across these models reveals several overlaps and distinctions . Bartle's Achiever aligns with Yee's Achievement component and the Hexad's Achiever type, all emphasizing goal-oriented behavior and the desire for progress and mastery. Bartle's Socializer corresponds to Yee's Social component and the Hexad's Socialiser, highlighting the importance of social interaction and community. Bartle's Explorer shares similarities with Yee's Immersion (specifically the Discovery sub-motivation) and the Hexad's Free Spirit (particularly the Explorer subtype), focusing on curiosity and the desire to discover the game world. Bartle's Killer has some parallels with Yee's Competition (under the Social component) and the Hexad's Disruptor (especially the Griefer subtype), both involving a competitive drive and the desire to impact other players.  

However, the Hexad model introduces the Philanthropist type, which is not explicitly present in Bartle's or Yee's initial models, focusing on altruistic motivations and the desire to help others. Additionally, the Hexad's Player type offers a more detailed perspective on extrinsic motivation driven by rewards. Yee's model, particularly the expanded version, provides a more granular breakdown of motivations compared to Bartle's broader archetypes and the Hexad's user types.

These models offer different yet related perspectives on player motivation, with a trend towards increasing granularity and a broadening of scope from game-centric behaviors to broader user engagement in various contexts.

Strengths and Limitations of Each Model in Contemporary Video Games

Bartle's Player Types model offers the strength of simplicity and ease of understanding, providing a foundational framework for considering different player preferences in game design . Its historical impact on online game design is considerable . However, its limitations in the context of contemporary video games include its origin in the environment of MUDs, which may not fully capture the complexities of modern, diverse game genres . The categorical framework might lack the nuance offered by component-based models, and empirical analysis has sometimes failed to fully support the existence of all four types . Furthermore, players often exhibit traits from multiple types, making a strict categorization challenging . Bartle himself acknowledged some of these limitations and proposed an expanded eight-type model .  

Yee's Gamer Motivations model boasts the strength of being empirically derived from large-scale surveys, offering a more detailed understanding of underlying motivations with its subcomponents . It also considers important demographic factors such as age, gender, and culture, providing valuable insights for tailoring games to specific audiences . The component-based approach acknowledges the multifaceted nature of player motivation . However, its initial focus on MMORPG players means some aspects might be specific to that genre . The evolution of the model from ten to twelve motivations can also introduce some complexity. Additionally, some critiques suggest that the model might, to some extent, reflect players' pre-existing self-awareness of their preferences .  

The Hexad User Types framework's primary strength lies in its specific design for gamification, making it highly relevant for understanding user engagement in systems that incorporate game-like elements, including video games with gamified features . It uniquely includes motivations like philanthropy and disruption, which are not prominent in the other two models . Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, it benefits from a strong theoretical foundation . Assessment tools for the Hexad types have also been developed and validated . However, its primary focus on gamification might limit its direct applicability to all types of video games . Some studies have also reported lower reliability for certain user types, such as Disruptors, and weak associations with demographic factors . As a newer model, its assessment tools are still evolving .  

Academic Critiques and Discussions on Player Motivation Models

Academic discussions highlight the evolution and comparative effectiveness of these player motivation models. Yee's model is often seen as an advancement over Bartle's, addressing some of its limitations by providing a more empirically grounded and nuanced understanding of player motivations . The component-based framework of Yee is argued to offer greater explanatory power compared to Bartle's categorical approach . However, Bartle's model is acknowledged for its simplicity and ease of use in quickly classifying players .  

The Hexad model is distinguished by its specific development for gamified systems, setting it apart from Bartle's MUD-centric and Yee's initially MMORPG-focused frameworks . Research has shown overlaps between the models, with some alignment between corresponding types like Achievers and Socializers . Notably, some studies have raised concerns about the validity and reliability of the scales used to assess Bartle's and Yee's models .  

In the context of modern game design, Bartle's model might be considered too simplistic for the increasing complexity and diversity of games . While Yee's model was initially focused on MMORPGs, its principles have broader applicability to online games . The Hexad model's relevance in game design is contingent on the degree to which a game incorporates gamification principles . Some academics argue against the limitations of fitting players into rigid types, suggesting that a deeper understanding of the underlying "why" behind player behavior might be more effective . The consensus in academic discourse suggests a move towards more nuanced, empirically-supported models like Yee's and context-specific frameworks like the Hexad, reflecting the evolving understanding of player and user motivation .  

Overlaps and Complementarities in Understanding Player Motivation

Despite their different origins and focuses, Bartle's Player Types, Yee's Gamer Motivations, and the Hexad User Types share several common themes and demonstrate potential for complementarity in understanding player motivation . All three models attempt to categorize or explain the driving forces behind player and user engagement. Themes of achievement, social interaction, and exploration or discovery are present across all three, although they are labeled and detailed differently . Extrinsic motivation, particularly in the form of rewards, is a significant factor in Bartle's (Achievers, Killers), Yee's (Achievement, Power, Completion), and the Hexad (Player). Intrinsic motivation is also central to each model, although framed through Bartle's inherent desires, Yee's intrinsic components (Immersion, Social), and the Hexad's RAMP framework .  

The overlaps in these fundamental motivational themes suggest that the models are capturing different facets of the same underlying psychological constructs . This creates the potential for combining these frameworks to achieve a more holistic understanding of player motivation in modern video games . For instance, the broad archetypes of Bartle can serve as an initial categorization, which can then be further refined using the detailed motivations provided by Yee's model. The Hexad framework's unique focus on purpose and disruption could be particularly valuable for games with strong community-driven elements or those that encourage unconventional player interactions. A layered approach, starting with a simpler model and then applying a more granular one, might be effective depending on the specific needs of game design and research . Considering individual player traits alongside these models could also lead to a more personalized and comprehensive understanding of what drives players . A synergistic approach, drawing on the strengths of each model, appears to offer the most promising path towards a deeper and more complete understanding of the multifaceted nature of player motivation in the contemporary gaming landscape .  

Determining the Most Comprehensive Framework for Modern Video Games

Evaluating the insightfulness and applicability of Bartle's Player Types, Yee's Gamer Motivations, and the Hexad User Types reveals that each model offers unique strengths and limitations in the context of modern video games. Bartle's model, while foundational and easily grasped, might lack the granularity needed to fully explain the complex motivations driving players in today's diverse gaming environment. Yee's model, with its empirical basis and detailed sub-motivations, provides a more nuanced understanding, particularly for online games, but its initial focus on MMORPGs should be considered. The Hexad model offers valuable insights for games incorporating gamification elements and uniquely addresses motivations like philanthropy and disruption, but its broader applicability to all video game genres requires further consideration.

Based on the research and analysis, Yee's Gamer Motivations model, particularly the expanded version from Quantic Foundry, appears to provide the most comprehensive and insightful framework for understanding player motivation in today's video game landscape. Its empirical grounding, detailed breakdown of motivations, and consideration of demographic factors allow for a more nuanced and actionable understanding of what drives players across various game genres. While initially focused on MMORPGs, the core motivations identified by Yee resonate with players of many different types of games, especially those with online components.

However, a purely singular approach might not always be optimal. A hybrid approach that incorporates elements from different models could offer even greater insight. For instance, using Bartle's broad archetypes as a starting point to understand the fundamental approaches players take to games, and then applying Yee's detailed motivations to understand the specific psychological drivers behind those approaches, could be a powerful combination. For games with significant gamification features or strong community elements, the Hexad model can offer valuable additional considerations, particularly regarding altruistic and disruptive behaviors. Ultimately, the choice of model or combination of models should be guided by the specific goals of the game design or research, the target audience, and the level of detail required to effectively understand and cater to player motivations.

Simply Put

In conclusion, the analysis of Bartle's Player Types, Yee's Gamer Motivations, and the Hexad User Types reveals the evolving understanding of player motivation in video games. While Bartle's model provided a foundational framework, Yee's empirically-derived and detailed model offers a more comprehensive understanding for today's complex gaming landscape, especially for online experiences. The Hexad model provides valuable insights for games incorporating gamification principles. Ultimately, the most effective approach might involve a flexible and integrated perspective, drawing on the strengths of each model to best understand the multifaceted motivations of modern video game players. The ongoing evolution of the gaming industry necessitates continued research and adaptation of these frameworks to ensure they remain relevant and insightful for future game design and player engagement.

References

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GAME PLAYER TYPES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON GAME DEPENDENCY

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Online gaming motivations scale: Development and validation

Beyond Bartle’s Taxonomy: Discover Your Game’s Player Types - Game Design Blog

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Leveraging Player Motivation Models to Increase App Engagement - Part 2 - Liftoff

(PDF) Beyond player types: gaming achievement goal - ResearchGate

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