Simplifying Global Conflicts: What Everyone Should Know
Global conflicts are often presented in two contradictory ways: as moral battles of good versus evil, or as impossibly complex struggles no outsider can hope to understand. This paradox leaves the public confused, overwhelmed, or worse; certain of opinions rooted in little more than headlines, tribal loyalties, or misinformation.
As a result, people frequently take strong stances on conflicts they barely understand. This can lead to dangerous assumptions, misinformed advocacy, or even the justification of atrocities.
To cut through the noise, we’ve created this straightforward guide to some of the most discussed and divisive conflicts in the world today: Israel–Palestine, India–Pakistan (Kashmir), and Russia–Ukraine.
We don’t claim to offer every nuance, but we aim to present the core historical facts, ethical arguments, and patterns of violence in simple, honest terms. Our goal is not to tell you what to think, but to give you the tools to think better, so that the conversations we all participate in are grounded in reality, not rhetoric.
Israel vs. Palestine
The Israel–Palestine conflict is one of the most prolonged and polarizing struggles in modern history. At its core, it is a conflict over land, identity, and survival rooted in colonial legacies, mass displacement, and decades of occupation, violence, and failed diplomacy. What began as two peoples with national aspirations for the same land has evolved into an entrenched system of military domination, statelessness, cycles of terror, and mass suffering — with no clear resolution in sight.
Origins
In the late 1800s, Zionist Jews, many fleeing antisemitic violence in Europe began migrating to Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire, to build a Jewish homeland.
After World War I, Britain took control of Palestine. Following World War II and the Holocaust, pressure mounted for the creation of a Jewish state. In 1947, the United Nations proposed partitioning the land into separate Jewish and Arab states. Jews accepted the plan; Arabs rejected it, seeing it as unjust, as Jews were allocated 55% of the land despite being a minority.
1948 War and Nakba (The Catastrophe)
In 1948, Israel declared independence. Neighbouring Arab states invaded. Israel not only survived but expanded its territory beyond the UN plan.
During the war, around 750,000 Palestinians were expelled or fled. Some were forced out through Israeli military campaigns; others fled amid massacres (such as Deir Yassin) or in fear. Palestinians call this mass displacement the Nakba — "catastrophe." Israel has denied their right to return ever since. Palestinians have remained stateless — many living in refugee camps across the region.
1967 Six-Day War and Occupation
In 1967, Israel fought Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, seizing the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, and Sinai. These are considered occupied territories under international law.
In the West Bank and East Jerusalem, Israel began building settlements, which now house over 700,000 Israelis. These are widely viewed as illegal under international law and an obstacle to peace.
Gaza and the Blockade
In 2005, Israel withdrew soldiers and settlers from Gaza. In 2006, Hamas, an Islamist group hostile to Israel, won elections in Gaza and later took control from the rival Palestinian Authority. Since then, Israel and Egypt have imposed a blockade, severely restricting movement of people and goods — including food, fuel, and medicine.
Israel says the blockade is necessary to prevent weapons from reaching Hamas. Critics call it collective punishment. Since 2008, multiple wars have erupted. Hamas fires rockets indiscriminately into Israel; Israel responds with massive airstrikes. Thousands of Palestinian civilians including many children have been killed. The civilian toll in Israel is far lower but not negligible; Israeli civilians have been killed and traumatized by Hamas attacks.
2023– Ongoing War (October 7 Attack)
On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel, killing approximately 1,200 people, mostly civilians, and taking over 200 hostages. It was the deadliest single-day assault on Jews since the Holocaust.
Israel responded with a massive bombing campaign and ground invasion of Gaza, aimed at dismantling Hamas. As of 2024, more than 35,000 Palestinians have been killed, the majority of them civilians. Israel has destroyed entire neighborhoods, bombed hospitals and schools, and imposed siege tactics that have created famine-like conditions. Human rights groups have accused both Hamas and Israel of war crimes, but Israel’s response has been condemned by many as disproportionate and potentially genocidal.
Who Is the Aggressor?
Historically: The creation of Israel involved mass displacement of Palestinians through force, war, and ethnic cleansing — with support from colonial powers.
Currently: Israel is the occupying power, with vastly superior military capabilities, control over land, borders, and resources. It is enforcing a system described by major human rights organizations as apartheid.
Hamas, while not representing all Palestinians, is an aggressor in its use of deliberate attacks on civilians, which are war crimes.
However, Palestinians as a people are not the aggressor; they are largely on the receiving end of systemic displacement, occupation, and siege.
Israel is the dominant aggressor in terms of power, occupation, and structural violence. Hamas is also an aggressor in tactics, but does not represent all Palestinians nor control a state.
Moral and Ethical Justifications
Israel's claims:
Jews needed a secure homeland after centuries of persecution and genocide.
Israel has a right to self-defence from terrorism.
The historical trauma of Jews is real and profound. But the ongoing occupation, expansion of settlements, collective punishment of civilians, and apartheid policies undermine Israel's moral standing.
Palestinian claims:
They were dispossessed of their land, denied a state, and live under occupation or blockade.
They have a right to resist oppression and demand self-determination.
Their grievances are morally and legally valid. However, indiscriminate violence against civilians — such as Hamas’ attacks — is unjustifiable, and often weakens global support for their cause.
War Crime Snapshot
| War Crime | Israel | Hamas |
|---|---|---|
| Civilian Killings | Over 53,000 Palestinians killed, including 14,000+ children (2023-2025) | 1,200+ Israeli civilians killed on Oct 7, 2023 |
| Targeting of Civilian Infrastructure | Destruction of hospitals, schools, homes; northern Gaza hospitals non-functional | Indiscriminate rocket fire into Israeli cities and towns |
| Mass Displacement | Mass displacement due to bombing and military incursions | No mass displacement caused by Hamas actions |
| Collective Punishment | Blockade tightened in 2025, creating famine-like conditions | Hostage-taking and indiscriminate attacks provoke heavy retaliation |
| Use of Prohibited Weapons | Alleged use of white phosphorus (disputed) | Use of unguided rockets, some launched from civilian zones |
| Child Harm | Thousands of child fatalities; trauma and medical deprivation | Children killed in rocket fire and as shields in urban combat |
| Sexual Violence | Allegations of detainee abuse; no confirmed systemic sexual violence | Confirmed rape and mutilation during Oct 7 attacks |
| Use of Human Shields | Accused of using civilians as shields in certain operations | Fighters embedded in civilian infrastructure (widely reported) |
| Legal Accountability | ICC arrest warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant (2025) | ICC arrest warrant for Hamas commander Mohammed Deif (deceased) |
Simply Put
The Israel–Palestine conflict is not a “clash of equals.” It is a story of one people achieving statehood and security, while the other has been denied freedom and self-determination. Israel holds overwhelming power — military, economic, and political — and is actively occupying and controlling Palestinian lives. Palestinians, especially in Gaza and the West Bank, live under military domination, without basic rights or freedom of movement.
While both sides have committed atrocities, and while violence from any actor must be condemned, the structural and systemic violence imposed by Israel is far greater in scale and impact. The international community remains bitterly divided — some defending Israel’s right to exist and protect itself, others demanding accountability for its oppressive policies and war crimes.
Peace is impossible without justice. That means acknowledging historical truths, ending the occupation, lifting the blockade, and allowing both peoples, Israeli and Palestinian to live in safety, dignity, and freedom.
Key Takeaways
The conflict is not ancient or religious at its core, but political and territorial, rooted in colonialism, displacement, and nationalism.
Israel was established in 1948, following a UN partition plan that was accepted by Jews and rejected by Arabs. The war that followed led to the mass displacement of 750,000 Palestinians — known as the Nakba.
In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem. These areas remain central to the conflict and are considered occupied territories under international law.
Israel has built over 700,000 settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, which most of the world considers illegal and an obstacle to peace.
Gaza has been under blockade by Israel and Egypt since 2007. Living conditions have sharply deteriorated, with repeated wars causing massive civilian casualties.
Hamas, an armed Islamist group that governs Gaza, launched a major attack on October 7, 2023, killing over 1,200 Israelis and taking hostages. This triggered Israel’s ongoing war in Gaza.
As of 2025, over 53,000 Palestinians have been killed, the majority civilians, including more than 14,000 children. Entire neighbourhoods and hospitals have been destroyed. Accusations of genocide and war crimes have been levelled at Israel.
Both sides have committed war crimes, but Israel’s military power, control, and scale of violence are vastly greater.
Major human rights organizations describe Israel’s rule over Palestinians as apartheid, citing systemic discrimination, segregation, and denial of basic freedoms.
India vs. Pakistan
The conflict between India and Pakistan is rooted in the violent creation of two nations in 1947, when the British Empire divided the Indian subcontinent into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. This process, known as Partition, triggered one of the largest and bloodiest mass migrations in history. The two countries have since fought multiple wars, and their primary dispute over the region of Kashmir remains unresolved. Today, both India and Pakistan possess nuclear weapons, and their rivalry is fueled by religious nationalism, militarism, and historical trauma. Civilians, particularly the people of Kashmir, continue to bear the greatest suffering.
Partition and Early Violence (1947)
When the British withdrew from India in 1947, they drew new borders in a hurried and chaotic process. The Radcliffe Line split the subcontinent into two states: India and Pakistan, based on religious majorities.
The result was catastrophic. Around 15 million people were displaced as Hindus and Sikhs fled to India and Muslims fled to Pakistan. More than one million people were killed in massacres. Women and children were abducted, raped, or murdered. Trains carrying refugees were often found full of dead bodies. Whole communities were annihilated.
This trauma created a legacy of fear and hatred that continues to define relations between the two countries.
The Kashmir Dispute Begins
The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had a Muslim-majority population but a Hindu ruler. Under the terms of Partition, the ruler could choose to join either India or Pakistan. In 1947, tribal militias from Pakistan invaded Kashmir. The ruler sought military help from India and signed an accession agreement in return.
This led to the first war between India and Pakistan. The war ended with Kashmir divided. India controlled roughly two-thirds, and Pakistan controlled the remainder. The United Nations called for a plebiscite, or vote, so that Kashmiris could decide their future. That vote was never held.
Wars and Militarization
India and Pakistan have fought three major wars—in 1947, 1965, and 1971—and a limited conflict in 1999 in the Kargil region. Most of these conflicts have been related to Kashmir.
Today, Kashmir remains one of the most heavily militarized areas in the world. India has stationed over 700,000 troops in the region. Armed patrols, curfews, checkpoints, and surveillance are part of daily life. Pakistan, on the other hand, has supported insurgent groups and militant fighters who cross into Indian-administered Kashmir, often targeting both soldiers and civilians.
Insurgency and Crackdown (1989 to Present)
In 1989, a popular uprising and armed insurgency erupted in Indian-administered Kashmir. This was fueled by widespread frustration over political repression, broken promises, and decades of military control.
Pakistan provided weapons and training to insurgents, some of whom belonged to Islamist extremist groups such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed. These groups have carried out deadly attacks in India, including the 2008 Mumbai attacks that killed more than 170 people.
India responded with a vast security crackdown. Human rights organizations have documented serious abuses by Indian forces, including torture, mass arrests, enforced disappearances, and extrajudicial killings. Security forces have used pellet guns that have blinded and maimed hundreds of civilians, including children. Internet shutdowns and restrictions on journalism are regularly imposed.
2019 to 2024: Revocation and Escalation
In August 2019, the Indian government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi revoked Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, which had granted limited autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir. The region was also stripped of its statehood and split into two federally controlled territories.
This move was made without input from the people of Kashmir. It was accompanied by an immediate communications blackout, the deployment of tens of thousands of additional troops, and mass detentions of political leaders, activists, and ordinary civilians.
India claimed the decision would bring development and integration. Critics argued it was a demographic and political power grab designed to marginalize the region’s Muslim identity. Meanwhile, Pakistan continued to offer diplomatic and moral support to separatists, while also clamping down on minorities and dissent within its own borders.
2025: Operation Sindoor and Escalation
The 2025 India–Pakistan conflict was a brief but intense armed confrontation that began on 7 May 2025, when India launched missile strikes on Pakistan, codenamed Operation Sindoor. According to India, the operation was a direct response to the Pahalgam attack on 22 April, in which militants killed 26 civilians, most of them tourists, in Indian-administered Kashmir. India accused Pakistan of supporting the attackers, believed to be affiliated with Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Taiba, claims Pakistan strongly denied.
India stated that the strikes were limited to militant camps and logistical infrastructure, avoiding Pakistani military assets. However, Pakistan claimed the Indian missiles struck civilian areas, including mosques, and resulted in 31 civilian deaths. This discrepancy escalated tensions, and both countries engaged in border skirmishes and retaliatory drone strikes.
On 10 May, Pakistan responded with Operation Bunyan al-Marsus, targeting multiple Indian military installations. India escalated Operation Sindoor in turn, expanding its scope to hit Pakistani military targets. This marked the first instance of drone warfare between the two nuclear-armed nations, raising alarm internationally.
Despite international pressure, both sides continued hostilities until a ceasefire was announced later on 10 May. Talks were set for 12 May, but accusations of ceasefire violations followed almost immediately, underlining the fragility of the truce.
Who Is the Aggressor?
Historically, Pakistan initiated the first conflict by sending tribal fighters into Kashmir in 1947. Over time, Pakistan has repeatedly backed militant groups that have targeted civilians in India.
India, however, has maintained control over most of Kashmir through military occupation. It has used state power to crush dissent and deny basic freedoms.
In reality, both countries have acted as aggressors. Pakistan has used proxy warfare and religious extremism to destabilize the region. India has relied on military repression, censorship, and force to maintain its hold over the territory.
Moral and Ethical Justifications
India’s position
India argues that Kashmir is legally part of the country through the accession agreement and that it must combat terrorism and protect national unity.
While the legal basis is debatable due to the unfulfilled plebiscite, India does face genuine security threats. However, its use of harsh repression, demographic engineering, and denial of Kashmiri voices damages its moral authority.
Pakistan’s position
Pakistan claims that the Muslim-majority population of Kashmir should have the right to choose their future and that it supports their self-determination.
The principle of self-determination is valid. But Pakistan’s credibility is weakened by its support for violent groups and its own poor record on minority rights and democratic freedoms.
War Crime Snapshot
| War Crime | India | Pakistan |
|---|---|---|
| Military Strikes | Launched "Operation Sindoor" after Pahalgam militant attack; significant casualties | |
| Civilian Impact | Civilian deaths and injuries from military operations in Kashmir and along the border | |
| Use of Force | Use of pellet guns and curfews in Kashmir; leads to civilian injuries and movement restrictions | |
| Support for Militants | Accused of backing militant groups responsible for attacks in Indian-administered Kashmir | |
| Military Engagements | Conducted strikes along India's western border; civilian and infrastructure damage | |
| Ceasefire Violations | Accused of violating ceasefire agreements soon after implementation |
Simply Put
The India–Pakistan conflict over Kashmir is not simply a territorial dispute. It is a human tragedy shaped by colonial errors, nationalist agendas, and decades of violence. Both nations claim to act in the name of justice or security, but both have also committed serious wrongs.
Kashmiris remain at the heart of the conflict but have been consistently sidelined. They live under surveillance, fear, and political exclusion. Until India stops treating Kashmir as a security problem and Pakistan stops using it as a geopolitical tool, no meaningful solution is possible.
Peace will only come when both countries allow the people of Kashmir to determine their future freely and with dignity, and when the rights of all are respected above the ambitions of the state.
Key Takeaways
The India–Pakistan conflict stems from the Partition of 1947, which displaced 15 million people and killed over a million in sectarian massacres. This trauma still shapes national identity and hostility.
The dispute over Kashmir began when Pakistan-backed tribal fighters invaded the princely state in 1947, prompting its accession to India. The region remains divided and disputed, with no promised referendum ever held.
Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the world, with over 700,000 Indian troops stationed there. Daily life is dominated by curfews, checkpoints, and surveillance.
Pakistan has supported Islamist militant groups that target Indian forces and civilians, including groups responsible for the 2008 Mumbai attacks. These actions amount to proxy warfare.
India has used repressive tactics including mass arrests, internet blackouts, torture, enforced disappearances, and pellet guns, which have blinded hundreds of civilians, including children.
In 2019, India revoked Kashmir’s limited autonomy without public input, sparking mass detentions and a communications shutdown. Critics call it an attempt to alter the region's Muslim identity.
Both India and Pakistan act as aggressors, though in different ways. Pakistan uses militants and ideological rhetoric. India relies on state power, repression, and demographic control.
India claims to be defending national unity and combating terrorism. But its actions undermine its democratic and secular values.
Pakistan claims to support Kashmiri self-determination, but its track record on minorities and its use of jihadist groups damage its credibility.
The people of Kashmir are the ones who suffer most, consistently denied the right to self-determination, and treated as pawns in a geopolitical rivalry.
Russia vs. Ukraine
The war between Russia and Ukraine is the largest military conflict in Europe since World War II. At its core, this is a war of aggression. A nuclear-armed authoritarian state has invaded a sovereign neighbor in an attempt to dominate and control it. While Russia claims it is defending its own security and protecting Russian-speaking people, the invasion has led to mass death, destruction, and widespread atrocities. Ukraine, though flawed and politically complex like any country, is fighting for its survival, sovereignty, and democratic independence.
Historical Background
Ukraine and Russia share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties. Both were part of the Soviet Union, which collapsed in 1991. Ukraine then became an independent nation and began building closer ties with Western Europe and NATO.
Russia, under President Vladimir Putin, saw this as a threat. He has long argued that Ukraine is not a real country and should remain within Russia’s sphere of influence. Many Russians view the expansion of NATO eastward as a betrayal, even though most countries that joined NATO after the Cold War did so voluntarily, often out of fear of future Russian aggression.
2014: Crimea and the Donbas
In 2014, Ukraine’s pro-Russia president, Viktor Yanukovych, was overthrown after massive protests calling for closer ties with the European Union. In response, Russia seized and annexed Crimea, a Ukrainian territory with a Russian-speaking majority. This was widely condemned as illegal under international law.
Around the same time, Russia began supporting separatist militias in eastern Ukraine, in the Donbas region. These militias declared independence and fought against the Ukrainian government. Russia denied involvement but sent weapons, fighters, and intelligence support. The war in the Donbas killed over 14,000 people before 2022 and displaced many more.
2022 Invasion
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Russian forces attacked from multiple directions, targeting Kyiv, Kharkiv, Mariupol, and other cities. President Putin claimed the invasion was necessary to “demilitarize and denazify” Ukraine and to protect Russian-speaking citizens. These justifications were widely rejected as false.
Ukrainians mounted fierce resistance. They rallied around their identity, defended their cities, and appealed to the world for help. Western countries responded with massive sanctions on Russia and military and financial aid to Ukraine.
Human Cost and Atrocities
The invasion has devastated Ukraine. Entire cities have been reduced to rubble. Millions of people have been displaced or forced to flee as refugees. Thousands of civilians have been killed.
Russian forces have committed widespread atrocities, including:
Massacres of civilians, such as in Bucha
Targeted bombings of hospitals, schools, and residential areas
Use of torture, rape, and execution of prisoners
Forced deportations of Ukrainian children to Russia
Human rights organizations, including the United Nations and Amnesty International, have documented these war crimes.
Ukraine has also committed some violations, including mistreatment of prisoners and use of cluster munitions. However, the scale and nature of Russia’s actions are far more severe and systematic.
Who Is the Aggressor?
There is no ambiguity in this conflict. Russia is the clear and primary aggressor. It invaded a sovereign country without provocation and seeks to control its land and government.
Ukraine is defending itself. It did not attack Russia, nor did it pose a military threat. Its desire to join the European Union and NATO does not justify war.
Russia holds overwhelming responsibility for starting and escalating the conflict, as well as for the atrocities committed during the invasion.
Moral and Ethical Justifications
Russia’s position
Russia claims it is protecting ethnic Russians in Ukraine, preventing NATO expansion, and fighting Nazis.
These claims are largely propaganda. Ukraine is not run by Nazis. It is a democracy with a Jewish president. NATO is a defensive alliance and did not pose an immediate threat to Russia. The real reason for the war appears to be imperial ambition and Putin’s desire to restore Russian dominance over former Soviet states.
Ukraine’s position
Ukraine argues that it is defending its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and democratic values against a foreign invader.
Ukraine’s position is morally and legally valid. It has the right to self-determination and self-defense under international law. Its resistance is supported by a broad global consensus.
War Crime Snapshot
| War Crime | Russia | Ukraine |
|---|---|---|
| Civilian Killings | Over 183,000 alleged war crimes documented, including deliberate attacks on civilians and infrastructure | |
| Targeting of Civilian Infrastructure | Destruction of energy grids, hospitals, and residential areas, causing widespread suffering | |
| Use of Prohibited Weapons | Use of cluster munitions and thermobaric weapons in populated areas | |
| Child Abductions | Forced deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia; adoptions without consent | |
| Legal Accountability | ICC arrest warrants for Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova for unlawful deportation of children | |
| Civilian Impact | Reports of mistreatment of prisoners of war and use of banned weapons; far smaller scale than Russia | |
| Legal Accountability (Ukraine) | Ukrainian authorities have launched investigations into misconduct by their own forces |
Simply Put
The Russia–Ukraine war is a modern imperial war of conquest. Russia, led by Vladimir Putin, has attempted to subjugate a neighbouring country through violence, intimidation, and propaganda. Ukraine, though far smaller and less powerful, has resisted with determination and broad international support.
This war is not just about borders. It is about whether might makes right, and whether smaller nations have the right to choose their own future. Russia’s actions have shattered the international order and brought untold suffering to millions.
A just peace will require Russia to end its occupation, be held accountable for war crimes, and allow Ukraine to exist as a free and independent nation. Until then, Ukraine’s fight is not only for itself but for the basic principles of international law and human dignity.
Key Takeaways
The war began in 2014 with Russia’s annexation of Crimea and escalated into a full-scale invasion in 2022, making it the largest European conflict since World War II.
Russia claims to be protecting Russian-speaking citizens and resisting NATO expansion. In reality, the war is widely understood as a war of conquest, intended to bring Ukraine back under Russian control.
The Kremlin's justification for the invasion — to “denazify” Ukraine — is false and propagandistic. Ukraine is a sovereign democracy led by a Jewish president.
Since 2022, Russia has launched systematic attacks on civilians, including the bombing of cities, mass executions (e.g., Bucha), and deportation of Ukrainian children into Russia.
As of 2025, Russia is accused of over 183,000 war crimes, including the use of cluster munitions, thermobaric weapons, and torture, according to Ukrainian and international investigators.
The International Criminal Court has issued arrest warrants for President Vladimir Putin and his commissioner for children over the unlawful deportation of minors.
Ukraine has also committed some violations, such as mistreatment of prisoners, but these are limited in scale and severity compared to Russia’s actions.
Russia is the clear aggressor, having invaded a peaceful neighbour. Ukraine is acting in self-defense, with broad international support.
The war has displaced millions, killed tens of thousands, and devastated entire regions. It is a humanitarian catastrophe driven by imperial ambition.
A Final Note
By looking closely at these conflicts; Israel–Palestine, India–Pakistan, and Russia–Ukraine patterns begin to emerge. Not just in how wars are fought, but in how they are framed, permitted, and excused on the world stage.
There are striking parallels between Israel’s occupation of Palestinian land and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Both involve military dominance, annexation, civilian casualties, and accusations of war crimes. Yet the international responses could not be more different. Russia is sanctioned, isolated, and condemned almost universally. Israel, meanwhile, receives billions in military aid from Western allies, even while being investigated for potential war crimes and possible genocide in Gaza.
This is not about denying Israel’s right to exist. It’s about asking why moral outrage and legal accountability apply so unevenly, depending on who the violator is and who their allies are.
Understanding the details of these conflicts makes such questions possible. Without that understanding, critical inquiry gets shut down. People are branded antisemitic for questioning Israeli policy, or unpatriotic for scrutinizing Western alliances. Debates are reduced to slogans. Suffering is sorted by political usefulness.
This is why knowledge matters. Not to simplify war into tidy narratives, but to complicate the assumptions that too often pass as truth and to hold power accountable no matter who holds it.
References and Sources
Israel–Palestine Conflict
Human Rights Watch. (2024, December 19).Extermination and Acts of Genocide: Israel Deliberately Depriving Palestinians in Gaza of Water | HRW
International Criminal Court. (2024, November 21). Situation in the State of Palestine: ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I rejects the State of Israel’s challenges to jurisdiction and issues warrants of arrest for Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant | International Criminal Court
Reuters. (2025, March 13). UN experts accuse Israel of genocidal acts and sexual violence in Gaza | Reuters
Reuters. (2025, May 17). Gaza ceasefire talks resume as Israeli assault kills hundreds in 72 hours | Reuters
India–Pakistan (Kashmir) Conflict
Reuters. (2025, May 7). Pakistan vows retaliation after Indian strike over tourist deaths | Reuters
Reuters. (2025, May 10). Explosions reported after India and Pakistan agree to ceasefire | Reuters
Times of India. (2025, May 18). In a first, Indian forces destroyed terror camps 100km inside Pak: Shah | Ahmedabad News - Times of India
Russia–Ukraine Conflict
International Criminal Court. (2023, March 17). Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova | International Criminal Court
Reuters. (2025, March 31). Zelenskiy says Russia has committed over 183,000 war crimes in Ukraine | Reuters
Reuters. (2025, May 17). Russian attack kills 9 Ukrainian civilians after failed peace talks
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