The scientific study of mind and behavior. It encompasses the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, as well as thought and emotion.

Information acquired by observation or experimentation. It is the cornerstone of scientific research, ensuring that conclusions are based on verifiable data rather than intuition or belief.

A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It is an educated guess, often derived from a theory, that can be supported or refuted through research.

A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Theories are broader than hypotheses and organize many observations.

In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher. It is the presumed cause in a cause-and-effect relationship.

In an experiment, the variable that is measured by the researcher to see if it was affected by the independent variable. It is the presumed effect in a cause-and-effect relationship.

A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables are related. A correlation does not imply causation (e.g., ice cream sales and drownings are correlated, but one doesn't cause the other).

A relationship where one variable directly influences or produces a change in another variable. Establishing causation typically requires controlled experimental designs.

A long-standing debate in psychology about the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development and behavior.

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. It includes our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memories at any given moment.

According to psychodynamic theory, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. It is the part of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness but influences behavior.

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding. This includes thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving.

A school of thought in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and its explanation through principles of learning, without reference to internal mental states.

The scientific study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and all their branches. It explores how these biological structures influence behavior and mental processes.

The objective analysis and evaluation of information in order to form a judgment. It involves questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, and considering alternative explanations.